Footnotes for Chapter 6

1. All the 'laryngeal actions' thought to be phonetically distinct have been described by PETERSON and SHOUP (PETERSON and SHOUP, 1966). However, in the present work we usually refer to glottal 'adjustments' not 'actions'. For most phonetic states the 'adjustments' and 'actions' are essentially isomorphic. However, since some 'actions' depend on transglottal pressure and since this pressure often varies greatly. during the production of a plosive, it is sometimes more convenient to refer to the underlying adjustment than to the resulting action. Also, adjustments of the glottis, not the larynx, are usually referred to in this paper, unless the reference is to specific adjustments of the laryngeal apparatus that in turn act on the glottal orifice.

2. This error is the only one mentioned that is inherent in the technique of reducing the supraglottal pressure. The other uncertainties mentioned could be resolved by better instrumentation, as, for instance, by a quantitative indication of the air flow through the tube or external to the tube.

3. This category of plosive has often been referred to as 'tense' (MARTIN, 1951; HAN and WEITZMAN, 1965). MARTIN attributes the feeling of tenseness to the contraction of part of the musculature of the larynx and surrounding structures. It appears likely that these plosives are produced with a tightly-voiced glottal adjustment instead of a voiced adjustment. The present author has noted evidence supporting this hypothesis in both supraglottal pressure records and spectrographic records taken with the bilabial closure bypassed. However, the pertinent data in this area are just now accumulating, and this aspect of the Korean unvoiced, 'unaspirated' plosives cannot be considered in this work.

4. The /z/ preceding the /b/ of 'buzz' apparently terminates with an open or whispered glottal state. Therefore for the purpose of this section the /b/ can be considered as following an unvoiced phonetic unit, even though the /z/ is normally considered a voiced phoneme in English.